Operation Nemesis: The Assassination Plot that Avenged the Armenian Genocide - Bogosian Eric (читать книги полностью без сокращений txt) 📗

11. The Mongols flourished during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. At its height, the Mongol Empire was the largest in contiguous landmass the world has seen. Though feared and destructive during their invasions, the Mongols were an important civilization as well. See David Morgan, The Mongols (London: Wiley, 2007).

12. “Pilgrims came from different clutures and spoke different languages—German, Flemish, Norman, French, Provencal, and Italian—but their shared experiences instilled in them a common identity: Now all were Franks.” Jay Rubenstein, Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse (New York: Basic Books, 2011), p. xii.

13. Speros Vryonis Jr., Byzantium and Europe (London: Thames & Hudson, 1967), p. 152.

14. Serbs, Bulgars, and Bosnians were the people of the Balkans. Many other groups populated the Ottoman Empire. See chapter 1, p. 19.

15. Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe, p. 68.

16. Lord Patrick Douglas Balfour, Baron Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire (New York: Harper Perennial, 2002), p. 329.

17. Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 115.

18. Quoted in Noel Barber, The Sultans (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973), p. 46.

19. See Leslie P. Peirce, The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), for a complete examination of the imperial harem; quotation p. 76.

20. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, ed. John L. Esposito, 4 vols. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), s.v. “harem.”

21. Philip Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, 1453–1924 (London: John Murray Publishers, 1995), p. 96.

22. Halil Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300–1600 (London: Phoenix, 2000), p. 85.

23. Alber Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 47.

24. Mansel, Constantinople, p. 21.

25. The history of nineteenth-century Ottoman politics as they relate to the Armenians is a complex and demanding topic, far beyond what I can get into here. For a clear overview, see Aram Arkun, “Into the Modern Age, 1800–1913,” chapter 4 of The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity, ed. Edmund Herzig and Marina Kurkchiyan (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005), pp. 65–88.

CHAPTER 2: RUSHING HEADLONG INTO THE MODERN ERA, 1800–1914

1. See Washington Times, July 28 and August 17, 1914.

2. Ian Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2008), p. 106.

3. Daily life would for the most part appear unchanged. But larger systemic changes in economics and the distribution of manufactured goods would alter the relationship between the Christians and Muslims of the Ottoman Empire, exacerbating friction between communities. See Donald Quataert, The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 (New York: Cambrige University Press, 2005), chap. 7 for an introduction to the topic.

4. Compare Hamidye raiders to the “official” Janjaweed paramilitary in the Darfur region of Sudan today. For descriptions of Janjaweed raids, see Dave Eggers, What Is the What (New York: Vintage, 2007) pp. 85–95.

5. Vahakn N. Dadrian, The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus (New York: Berghahn Books, 1995), p. 121.

6. Though the terms “terror” and “terrorist” can be found throughout ARF literature from its earliest days, the leaders of the Tashnags and their fedayeen did not see “terror” in terms of direct attacks on innocent civilians. Assassinations of officials and “traitors” were the mainstay, though there could be exceptions, as seen in the paragraphs that follow.

7. Mikayel Varandian, Murad of Sepastia, trans. Ara Ghazarians (Arlington, MA: Armenian Cultural Foundation, 2006), p. 30fn.

8. Gerard J. Libaridian, Modern Armenia: People, Nation, State (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2007), p. 7.

9. “Kurdish Fiendish Cruelty,” New York Times, March 19, 1895, reprinted in Richard Diran Kloian, The Armenian Genocide: News Accounts from the American Press: 1915–1922, 4th ed. (Richmond, CA: Heritage Publishing, 2007), pp. 1–30.

10. W. E. Gladstone, MP, Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East (London: John Murray, 1876), p. 9.

11. Von Trotha quoted in Clive Ponting, Progress and Barbarism: The World in the Twentieth Century (London: Chatto and Windus, 1998), p. 43. In 1904, the German army under von Trotha forced the Herrero people, including women and children, into the desert to die.

12. Al. Carthill, The Lost Dominion (London: Blackwood, 1924), p. 94. “Al. Carthill” was the pen name of Bennet Christian Huntingdon Calcraft-Kennedy, a mid-level administrator who had been stationed in India.

13. Piers Brendon, Decline and Fall of the British Empire (New York: Vintage, 2010), p. 12.

14. “Mr. Herbert Morrison Replies to Critics of Empire,” Manchester Guardian, January 11, 1943.

15. Caglar Keyder, State and Class in Turkey: A Study in Capitalist Development (London: Verso, 1987), p. 64.

16. Yves Troshine, “A Bystander’s Notes of a Massacre,” Scribner’s Magazine, January 21, 1897, 48–69.

17. Armen Garo, Bank Ottoman (Detroit: Topouzian, 1990; originally published Boston: Hairenik Press, 1948), p. 155.

18. Louise Nalbandian, The Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The Development of Armenian Political Parties through the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963), pp. 110, 168. Nalbandian’s history of the genesis of the Armenian political parties of the nineteenth century is the most complete reference to date.

19. Libaridian, Modern Armenia, p. 83.

20. Edward Joris’s mystery-laden participation in the assassination attempt has been for the most part ignored by English-speaking historians. Most references can be found in Belgian or Dutch publications. See Mete Ozturk, “Edward Joris: De Belgische anarchist achter de verijdelde Yildiz-aanslag,” Zaman Vandaag (Rotterdam), July 19, 2013.

21. Though the sultan was the leader of an Islamic empire, his role as caliph was a political rather than a religious one. There is very little evidence of sultans ever being particularly religious. In fact, not one sultan in the history of the Ottoman Empire ever went on the hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca.

22. Quoted in Shirley W. Smith, James Burrill Angell: An American Influence (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1954), p. 265.

23. M. S?ukru Hanioglu, Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902–1908 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 312.

24. Keyder, State and Class in Turkey, p. 59.

25. Hanioglu, Preparation for a Revolution, p. 313.

26. Erik J. Zurcher, The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Ataturk’s Turkey (London: I. B. Tauris, 2010), p. 103.

27. Rolf Hosfeld, “The Armenian Massacre and Its Avengers,” IP Journal (Transatlantic Edition), Fall 2005 (original German edition, June 2005), http://www.armenews.com/IMG/original_TIP_3-05_Hosfeld_1_.pdf.

28. Hanioglu, Preparation for Revolution, p. 283.

29. Henry Morgenthau, Secrets of the Bosphorus (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1918), p. 13.

30. Vahakn N. Dadrian, German Responsibility in the Armenian Genocide: A Review of the Historical Evidence of German Complicity (Watertown, MA: Blue Crane Books, 1996), p. 217.

31. In 2010, Chienne d’Histoire, a short animation based on the eradication of the dogs of Constantinople, won a Palme d’Or at the Cannes Film Festival. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMzp8v1AvzU.