The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolutio - Isaacson Walter (книги полностью .txt) 📗

CB Simulator, 400

Census Bureau, U.S., 35–36, 116

Centralab, 172

central processing unit, 264

Cerf, Sigrid, 255

Cerf, Vint, 238, 239, 253, 255, 257, 259–60, 403, 481

background of, 257–58

internet created by, 258–59

nuclear attack simulated by, 250–51

CERN, 409–13, 433

Cezanne, Paul, 224

Cheatham, Thomas, 329

Cheriton, David, 463

Chicago Area Computer Hobbyists’ Exchange, 385

Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (Byron), 10, 12

Chinese Room, 127–28, 470

Christensen, Clay, 288

Christensen, Ward, 385

Church, Alonzo, 46, 47

circuit switching, 237–38

Cisco, 450

Clark, Dave, 260–61

Clark, Jim, 208

Clark, Wes, 236, 251, 252

Clinton, Bill, 121n

Clippinger, Richard, 119

COBOL, 117, 118n, 317, 323, 339, 357

Cold War, 247

Collingwood, Charles, 117

Colossus, 76, 78, 79, 81, 122

as special-purpose machine, 79

Command and Control Research, 229

Commodore, 398

Community Memory, 301–2, 303, 383

Complex Number Calculator, 50, 64, 104

Compton, Karl, 186

CompuServe, 392, 393, 400, 419, 421

computer, 9, 80

debate over, 80–82, 84–85, 481

“Computer as a Communication Device, The” (Licklider and Taylor), 261

Computer Center Corporation (C-Cubed), 319–22

Computer Quiz, 209

Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, 472

computers (female calculators), 72, 73

Computer Space, 209, 210, 212

“Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (Turing), 124–28

Conant, James Bryant, 51, 219

condensers, 58, 66–67

conditional branching, 75

Congregationalist, 189

Congress, U.S., 220

Congress of Italian Scientists, 25

Constitution, U.S., 121n

content sharing, 467

Control Video Corporation (CVC), 393, 396–98

copper, 135

Coupling, J. J., 148

Courant, Richard, 89

Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, 179

Coyle, Bud, 167

CP/M, 357, 358

CPYNET, 384

Craigslist, 301

“Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits” (Moore), 183

crawlers, 447–48, 457, 460

Crocker, Stephen, 249–50, 253–55, 257, 481

Cronkite, Walter, 109, 116–17

Crossroads, 399

crowdsourcing, 261, 285

cryptology, 76

CSNET, 383

Cunningham, Ward, 433–34, 436, 439, 441

Cybernetics (Wiener), 272

Dabney, Ted, 208–9

“Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two),” 311

DARPA, 228, 329

Dartmouth University, 68

AI conference at, 468

Darwin, Charles, 124

Data General, 291

Data General Nova, 209, 291

Davidoff, Monte, 333–34, 335, 337, 341

Davies, Donald, 237, 239, 242, 245, 246, 251

debugging, 93–94

decision problem, 44, 45–46, 47, 78

Deep Blue, 470, 471, 475–76

Defense Communications Agency, 241

Defense Department, U.S., 33, 220, 241, 329

ARPA of, see ARPA

de Forest, Lee, 154

Delphi, 401

Democratic National Convention, 1968, 278

De Morgan, Augustus, 17, 26

de Prony, Gaspard, 20

Descartes, Rene, 122

Difference Engine, 8–9, 13, 20, 21, 21, 25–26, 90, 120, 480

Aikens version of, 50–52, 86, 90

Differential Analyzer, 34, 37–38, 47, 68, 72, 114, 217, 218

differential equations, 37, 73

digital, analog vs., 36–40, 469, 472

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 186, 203, 205, 207, 264, 319–22, 329, 345, 354, 355, 356

diode, 163, 164

Discourse on the Method (Descartes), 122

Domain Awareness System, 472

Dompier, Steve, 310–11

Don Juan (Byron), 11

Doriot, Georges, 186

Dorsey, Jack, 479–80

DOS, 367

Dr. Dobb’s Journal, 372

Drucker, Peter, 192

Duke University, 386

Dummer, Geoffrey, 180

Dynabook, 288–91, 292

Dyson, Freeman, 121

Dyson, George, 103, 108, 120, 121

Earnest, Les, 251, 281

Easy Writer, 356

Eckert, J. Presper, 69, 70–72, 74–75, 81, 82, 83–84, 88, 94, 105, 106, 109, 110, 119, 134, 137, 211, 238, 481

patents sought by, 116, 177

and public display of ENIAC, 114

and storage of programs in ENIAC, 100–101, 106

von Neumann accused of stealing ideas by, 111–12

Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, 116–17

Edison, Thomas, 55, 449

EDSAC, 120

EDVAC, 108, 110, 111–12, 116

Edwards, Dan, 200, 206

Edwards, Elwood, 399–400

Einstein, Albert, 5, 43, 46, 68, 102, 140, 443

Eisenhower, Dwight, 79, 116, 228–29, 304, 436, 482

electrical circuits, 39, 63, 71

needed to break German codes, 78, 79

electricity, 140

Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, The (Wolfe), 270, 281

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator, see EDVAC

Electronic Engineering Times, 180

Electronic News, 179, 199

Electronics, 183

Electronics Magazine, 325

electrons, 134, 136, 137, 141

Elkind, Jerry, 290, 291

Elwell, Cyril, 450

email, 384–85

Emsworth, Lord, 445

Encyclopedia Britannica, 444

Engelbart, Doug, 252, 272–76, 279, 280–81, 282, 283, 290, 293, 294, 297, 308, 354, 363, 388, 416, 474, 475, 478, 480, 486

on human-machine interaction, 272–74, 276–78, 302, 363, 384, 401, 455

English, Bill, 276–77, 280, 290

ENIAC, 69, 74, 79, 86, 87, 106, 131, 481, 482

decimal system used by, 75

as first modern computer, 81, 82

hydrogen bomb equations worked out by, 112–13

patents for work on, 82, 83, 111–12, 116

public unveiling of, 112–16

speed of, 94, 108

storage of programs in, 100–101, 106

update of, 119–20

women as programmers of, 95–100, 117

Enigma, 77–78

Enlightenment, 479

Enquire, 409

Enquire Within Upon Everything, 408, 409, 410, 414

Entscheidungsproblem, 44, 45–46, 47, 78

Esquire, 157, 159, 346

Estridge, Don, 356

Eternal September, 401, 403

Ethernet, 256, 387n, 463

Euclidean geometry, 14

Eudora, 450

Evans, David, 208, 283

Evans, Kent, 319, 323–25

EvHead, 429

Excite, 227, 462

Expensive Planetarium, 206

Eyser, George, 470

Facebook, 156, 260, 301, 485

Fairchild, Sherman, 168, 185

Fairchild Camera and Instrument, 168, 184, 186

Fairchild Semiconductor, 158, 177–79, 193, 199

formation of, 168–69, 171

microchips sold to weapons makers by, 181–82

Noyce’s resignation from, 184–85

Farnsworth, Philo, 71

Federal Communications Commission, 387

Felsenstein, Lee, 266, 272, 292, 295, 298–300, 301–3, 304, 310, 341, 353, 387

Ferranti, 121

Ferranti Mark I, 406

Ferrucci, David, 470

Feynman, Richard, 452

file sharing, 264

Filo, David, 447–48

Firefox, 381, 482, 483

“First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, by John von Neumann,” 111–12

Fischer, Dave, 401

Flowers, Tommy, 39, 78, 79, 81

influence of, 82

“Fool on the Hill, The,” 310–11

formal systems of mathematics, 43

Fortran, 117, 317, 339, 357

Fortune, 168, 317, 319

Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus (Shelley), 12, 29, 468

Franklin, Benjamin, 4, 71, 378, 481

Frankston, Bob, 355

Free Software Foundation, 379

Free Speech Movement, 265, 299–300, 303

French, Gordon, 304, 344

French Revolution, 3

Fuchs, Klaus, 113, 242

Fulghum, Robert, 325

Fuller, Buckminster, 267, 271, 272, 295

Fylstra, Dan, 355–56

Galaxy Games, 210

Gale, Grant, 159

Galison, Peter, 48

GameLine, 393–94, 396