The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolutio - Isaacson Walter (книги полностью .txt) 📗
7. John Searle, “Watson Doesn’t Know It Won on Jeopardy,” Wall Street Journal, Feb. 23, 2011.
8. John E. Kelly III and Steve Hamm, Smart Machines (Columbia, 2013), 4. Steve Hamm is a technology journalist now working as a writer and communications strategist at IBM. I have attributed the opinions in the book to Kelly, who is the director of IBM research.
9. Larry Hardesty, “Artificial-Intelligence Research Revives Its Old Ambitions,” MIT News, Sept. 9, 2013.
10. James Somers, “The Man Who Would Teach Computers to Think,” Atlantic, Nov. 2013.
11. Gary Marcus, “Why Can’t My Computer Understand Me,” New Yorker, Aug. 16, 2013.
12. Steven Pinker, The Language Instinct (Harper, 1994), 191.
13. Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (Prentice Hall, 1995), 566.
14. Author’s interview with Bill Gates.
15. Nicholas Wade, “In Tiny Worm, Unlocking Secrets of the Brain,” New York Times, June 20, 2011; “The Connectome of a Decision-Making Neural Network,” Science, July 27, 2012; The Dana Foundation, https://www.dana.org/News/Details.aspx?id=43512.
16. John Markoff, “Brainlike Computers, Learning from Experience,” New York Times, Dec. 28, 2013. Markoff, who has long done thoughtful reporting on this field, is writing a book that explores the implications of machines that can replace human labor.
17. “Neuromorphic Computing Platform,” the Human Brain Project, https://www.humanbrainproject.eu/neuromorphic-computing-platform1; Bennie Mols, “Brainy Computer Chip Ditches Digital for Analog,” Communications of the ACM, Feb. 27, 2014; Klint Finley, “Computer Chips That Work Like a Brain Are Coming—Just Not Yet,” Wired, Dec. 31, 2013. Beau Cronin of O’Reilly Media has proposed a drinking game: “take a shot every time you find a news article or blog post that describes a new AI system as working or thinking ‘like the brain’?” (http://radar.oreilly.com/2014/05/it-works-like-the-brain-so.html), and he maintains a pinboard of stories making such claims (https://pinboard.in/u:beaucronin/t:like-the-brain/#).
18. Author’s interview with Tim Berners-Lee.
19. Vernor Vinge, “The Coming Technological Singularity,” Whole Earth Review, Winter 1993. See also Ray Kurzweil, “Accelerating Intelligence,” http://www.kurzweilai.net/.
20. J. C. R. Licklider, “Man-Computer Symbiosis,” IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, Mar. 1960.
21. Kelly and Hamm, Smart Machines, 7.
22. Kasparov, “The Chess Master and the Computer.”
23. Kelly and Hamm, Smart Machines, 2.
24. “Why Cognitive Systems?” IBM Research website, http://www.research.ibm.com/cognitive-computing/why-cognitive-systems.shtml.
25. Author’s interview with David McQueeney.
26. Author’s interview with Ginni Rometty.
27. Author’s interview with Ginni Rometty.
28. Kelly and Hamm, Smart Machines, 3.
29. “Accelerating the Co-Evolution,” Doug Engelbart Institute, http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/co-evolution.html; Thierry Bardini, Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing (Stanford, 2000).
30. Nick Bilton, Hatching Twitter (Portfolio, 2013), 203.
31. Usually misattributed to Thomas Edison, although there is no evidence he ever said it. Often used by Steve Case.
32. Yochai Benkler, “Coase’s Penguin, or, Linux and the Nature of the Firm,” Yale Law Journal (2002).
33. Steven Johnson, “The Internet? We Built That,” New York Times, Sept. 21, 2012.
34. Author’s interview with Larry Page. The quote form Steve Jobs comes from an interview I did with him for my previous book.
35. Kelly and Hamm, Smart Machines, 7.
PHOTO CREDITS
Lovelace: Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Lord Byron: © The Print Collector/Corbis
Babbage: Popperfoto/Getty Images
Difference Engine: Allan J. Cronin
Analytical Engine: Science Photo Library/Getty Images
Jacquard loom: David Monniaux
Jacquard portrait: © Corbis
Bush: © Bettmann/Corbis
Turing: Wikimedia Commons/Original at the Archives Centre, King’s College, Cambridge
Shannon: Alfred Eisenstaedt/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images
Stibitz: Denison University, Department of Math and Computer Science
Zuse: Courtesy of Horst Zuse
Atanasoff: Special Collections Department/Iowa State University
Atanasoff-Berry Computer: Special Collections Department/Iowa State University
Aiken: Harvard University Archives, UAV 362.7295.8p, B 1, F 11, S 109
Mauchly: Apic/Contributor/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Eckert: © Bettmann/Corbis
ENIAC in 1946: University of Pennsylvania Archives
Aiken and Hopper: By a staff photographer / © 1946 The Christian Science Monitor (www.CSMonitor.com). Reprinted with permission. Also courtesy of the Grace Murray Hopper Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
Jennings and Bilas with ENIAC: U.S. Army photo
Jennings: Copyright © Jean Jennings Bartik Computing Museum—Northwest Missouri State University. All rights reserved. Used with permission.
Snyder: Copyright © Jean Jennings Bartik Computing Museum—Northwest Missouri State University. All rights reserved. Used with permission.
Von Neumann: © Bettmann/Corbis
Goldstine: Courtesy of the Computer History Museum
Eckert and Cronkite with UNIVAC: U.S. Census Bureau
Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain: Lucent Technologies/Agence France-Presse/Newscom
First transistor: Reprinted with permission of Alcatel-Lucent USA Inc.
Shockley Nobel toast: Courtesy of Bo Lojek and the Computer History Museum
Noyce: © Wayne Miller/Magnum Photos
Moore: Intel Corporation
Fairchild Semiconductor: © Wayne Miller/Magnum Photos
Kilby: Fritz Goro/ The LIFE Picture Collection/ Getty Images
Kilby’s microchip: Image courtesy of Texas Instruments
Rock: Louis Fabian Bachrach
Grove, Noyce, Moore: Intel Corporation
Spacewar: Courtesy of the Computer History Museum
Bushnell: © Ed Kashi/VII/Corbis
Licklider: Karen Tweedy-Holmes
Taylor: Courtesy of Bob Taylor
Larry Roberts: Courtesy of Larry Roberts
Davies: National Physical Laboratory © Crown Copyright / Science Source Images
Baran: Courtesy of RAND Corp.
Kleinrock: Courtesy of Len Kleinrock
Cerf and Kahn: © Louie Psihoyos/Corbis
Kesey: © Joe Rosenthal/San Francisco Chronicle/Corbis
Brand: © Bill Young/San Francisco Chronicle/Corbis
Whole Earth Catalog cover: Whole Earth Catalog
Engelbart: SRI International
First mouse: SRI International
Brand: SRI International
Kay: Courtesy of the Computer History Museum
Dynabook: Courtesy of Alan Kay
Felsenstein: Cindy Charles
People’s Computer Company cover: DigiBarn Computer Museum
Ed Roberts: Courtesy of the Computer History Museum
Popular Electronics cover: DigiBarn Computer Museum
Allen and Gates: Bruce Burgess, courtesy of Lakeside School, Bill Gates, Paul Allen, and Fredrica Rice
Gates: Wikimedia Commons/Albuquerque, NM police department
Microsoft team: Courtesy of the Microsoft Archives
