Обман в науке - Голдакр Бен (книга жизни .TXT) 📗
218 ‘различные исследования показали’: Modell et al. (1997); Montejo-Gonzalez et al. (1997); Zajecka et al. (1999); Preskom (1997): in Safer, ibid.
220 ‘Если разница’: Pocock S.J. When (not) to stop a clinical trial for benefit // JAMA. 2005. № 294. P. 2228–2230.
222 ‘систематический обзор’: Lexchin J., Вето L.A., Djulbegovic
В., Clark О. Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality // BMJ. 2003. № 326. P. 1167–1170.
222 ‘Один обзор тенденциозных исследований’: Rochon РА., Gurwitz J.H., Simms R.W., Fortin P.R., Felson D.T., Minaker K.L., Chalmers T.C. A study of manufacturer-supported trials of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of arthritis // Arch. Intern. Med. 1994. № 154 (2) (24 January). P. 157–163.
222 ‘исследовались методологические недостатки’: Lexchin J., Bero L.A., Djulbegovic B., Clark O. Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review // BMJ. 2003. № 326 (7400) (31 May). P. 1167–1170.
224 ‘B 1995 году только’: Schmidt К., Pittler M.H., Ernst E. Bias in alternative medicine is still rife but is diminishing // BMJ. № 323 C7320) (3 November 2001). P. 1071.
224 ‘Обзор 1998 года’: Vickers A., Goyal N., Harland R., Rees R. Do certain countries produce only positive results? A systematic review of controlled trials // Control. Clin. Trials. № 19 (2) (April 1998). P. 159–166.
226 ‘одна статья обнаружила’: Dubben H., Beck-Bornholdt H. Systematic review of publication bias in studies on publication bias // BMJ. 2005. № 331. P. 433–434.
226 ‘опубликовала статью’: Turner E.H., Matthews A.M., Linardatos E., Tell R.A., Rosenthal R. Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy // N. Eng. J. Med. 2008. № 358 (3) (17 January). P. 252–260.
227 ‘Классическое детективное расследование’: Tramer M.R., Reynolds D.J.M., Moore R.A., McQuay H. J. Impact of covert duplicate publication on meta-analysis: a case study // BMJ. 1997. № 315. P. 635–640.
228 ‘Когда мы провели наше исследование’: Cowley A.J. et al. // Int. Joum. Card. 1993. № 40. P. 161–166.
229 ‘трех самых читаемых статьях’: Audit identifies the most read BMJ research papers // BMJ. № 334 (17 March 2007). P- 554–555.
230 ‘Это позор’: ScolnickE.M. Email communication to Deborah Shapiro, Alise Reicin and Alan Nies re: Vigor. 9 March 2000. Доступно на: http://www.vioxxdocuments.com/ Documents/Krumholz_Vioxx/Scolnick2000.pdf
230 ‘Медицинский журнал Новой Англии’: Curfman G.D., Morrissey S., Drazen J.M. Expression of concern reaffirmed // NEJM. № 354 (11) (16 March 2006). P. 1193.
231 ‘американская компания’: Gottlieb S. Firm tried to block report on failure of AIDS vaccine // BMJ. 2000. № 321. P. 1173.
232 ‘Фармацевтическая компания’: Nathan D., Weatherall D. Academia and industry: lessons from the unfortunate events in Toronto // Lancet. № 353 (9155)- P- 771–772.
233 ‘Эти рекламные ролики’: Gilbody et al. Benefits and harms of direct to consumer advertising: a systematic review // Qual. Saf. Health Care. 2005. № 14. P. 246–250; http://qshc.bmj. com/cgi/content/full/14/4/246
239 ‘Ник Дэвис’: Davies N. Flat Earth News. Chatto amp; Windus, 2008.
247 ‘Исследовательский проект по курению’: Proctor R.N. Schairer and Schoniger’s forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity // Int. J. Epidemiol. № 30. P. 31–34-
248 ‘Джоном Иоаннидисом’: Ioannidis J.P.A. Why most published research findings are false // PLoS Med. 2005. № 2 (8). P. ei24.
255 ‘классическом эксперименте’: Gilovich Т., Vallone R., Tversky A. The hot hand in basketball: on the misperception of random sequences // Cog. Psych. 1985. № 17. P. 295–314. 257 ‘еще в одном оригинальном эксперименте’: Schaffner Р.Е. Specious learning about reward and punishment // J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 1985.48 (6) (June). P. 1377–1386.
259 ‘В одном эксперименте’: Snyder М., Cantor N. Testing hypotheses about other people: the use of historical knowledge // J. Exp. Soc. Psych. 1979. № 15. P. 330–342.
260 ‘Классическая демонстрация’: Lord C.G., Ross L., Lepper M.R. Biased assimilation and attitude polarisation: the effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence // J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 1979. № 37. P. 2098–2109.
262 ‘В одном из них’: Tversky A., Kahneman D. Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability // Cog. Psych. 1973. № 5. P. 207–232.
264 ‘эксперимента Аша’: Asch S.E. Opinions and social pressure // Sci. Am. 1955. № 193. P. 31–35-
266 ‘поведение спортивных команд’: Frank M.G., Gilovich T. The dark side of self- and social-perception: black uniforms and aggression in professional sports // J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 1988. № 54 (1) (January). P. 74–85.
266 ‘Небезопасно’: Эксперименты, описанные в этой главе, и многие другие можно Найти в книгах Irrationality, Stuart Sutherland и How WeKnow What Isn’t So, Thomas Gilovich.
267 ‘Допустим, что риск’: Gigerenzer G. Reckoning with Risk. Penguin, 2003.
267 ‘Естественная частота’: Butterworth et al. Statistics: what seems natural? Science (4 May 2001): 853.
268 ‘Другие методы’: Hoffrage U., Lindsey S., Hertwig R., Gigerenzer G. Communicating statistical information // Science. 2000. № 290 (5500) (22 December). P. 2261–2262.
268 ‘есть исследования’: Hoffrage U., Gigerenzer G. Using natural frequencies to improve diagnostic inferences // Acad. Med. 1998. № 73. P. 538–540.
280 ‘тот же самый тест’: Gigerenzer G. Adaptive Thinking: Rationality in the Real World. Oxford University Press, 2000.
281 ‘Давайте свяжем это с насилием’: Szmukler G. Risk assessment: ‘numbers’ and ‘values’ // Psych. Bull. 2003. № 27. P. 205–207.
284 ‘некоторые статистические данные’: www.qurl.com/lucia
289 ‘Статья известного микробиолога’: Manning N., Wilson А.Р., Ridgway G.L. Isolation of MRSA from communal areas in a teaching hospital // J. Hosp. Infect. 2.004 (March). № 56 (3). P- 250–251.
295 ‘Крюгер и Даннинг’: Kruger J., Dunning D. Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments’ // J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 1999. № 77; 6. P. 121–134.
296 ‘B 1957 году’: Brynner R., Stephens T.D. Dark Remedy: The Impact of Thalidomide and its Revival as a Vital Medicine. Perseus Books, 2001.
296 ‘Филипп Найтли’: Excerpted in Pilger J. (ed.). Tell me no Lies. Cape, 2004.
297 ‘Много лет спустя’: Thalidomide hero found guilty of scientific fraud // New Scientist. 1993 (27 February).
305 ‘Были исследованы 12 детей’: Wakefield A.J., Murch S.H., Anthony A. et al. Ileallymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, nonspecific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children // Lancet. 1998. № 351 (9103). P. 637–641.
307 ‘одна из немногих’: e.g. Chess S. Autism in children with congenital rubella // J. Autism. Child. Schizophr. 1971. № 1 (1) (Januaiy-March). P. 33–47.
307 ‘расследуется’: http://briandeer.com/wakefield/vaccine- patent.htm
309 ‘включая работников BBC’: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7392510.stm
315 ‘согласно опросу’: Schmidt К., Ernst Е., Andrews. Survey shows that some homoeopaths and chiropractors advise against MMR // BMJ. 2002. № 325 (7364) (14 September). P. 597.
316 ‘32 %’: Hargreaves I., Lewis J., Speers T. Towards a better map: science, the public and the media // Economic and Social Research Council. 2003. http://www.esrc.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/ Images/Mapdocfinal_tcm6-5505.pdf