Секреты лаборатории питания. Наука похудения, мифы о силе воли и пользе диет - Манн Трейси "Неизвестный автор"

18. Klarenbach et al., “Population-Based Analysis of Obesity and Workforce Participation”.

19. Центру пришлось пересмотреть свою политику после того, как к ней было привлечено внимание журналистов. “Texas-Based Hospital ‘Citizens Medical Center’ Suspends Body Mass Index Employment Requirement”, Obesity Action Coalition, 2012, http:// www.obesityaction.org/newsroom/news-releases/2012-news-releases/ texas-based-hospital-citizens-medical-center-suspends-body-mass-index-employment-requirement.

20. Roehling et al., “The Effects of Weight Bias on Job-Related Outcomes”.

21. Обстоятельное обсуждение вопроса можно найти в главе 6 книги: Terry Poulton, “No Fat Chicks: How Big Business Profits by Making Women Hate Their Bodies — And How to Fight Back” (New York: Birch Lane Press, 1997).

22. Там же.

23. Charles L. Baum and William F. Ford, “The Wage Effects of Obesity: A Longitudinal Study”, Health Economics 13, no. 9 (September 2004): 885-99, doi:10.1002/hec.881. Для ознакомления с данными о состоянии дел в Европе см.: Giorgio Brunello and Béatrice D’Hombres, “Does Body Weight Affect Wages? Evidence from Europe”, Economics and Human Biology 5, no. 1 (March 2007): 1-19, doi:10.1016/j. ehb.2006.11.002.

24. Timothy A. Judge and Daniel M. Cable, “When It Comes to Pay, Do the Thin Win? The Effect of Weight on Pay for Men and Women”, Journal of Applied Psychology 96, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 95-112, doi: 10.1037/ a0020860.

25. Baum and Ford, “The Wage Effects of Obesity”.

26. Patricia V. Roehling et al., “Weight Discrimination and the Glass Ceiling Effect among Top US CEOs”, Equal Opportunities International 28, no. 2 (February 13, 2009): 179-96, doi:10.1108/02610150910937916.

27. Patricia V. Roehling et al., “Weight Bias in US Candidate Selection and Election”, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion 33, no. 4 (May 13, 2014): 334-46, doi: 10.1108/EDI-10-2013-0081.

28. N. A. Schvey et al., “The Influence of a Defendant’s Body Weight on Perceptions of Guilt”, International Journal of Obesity (2005) 37, no. 9 (September 2013): 1275-81, doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.211.

29. Jason D. Seacat, Sarah C. Dougal, and Dooti Roy, “A Daily Diary Assessment of Female Weight Stigmatization”, Journal of Health Psychology (March 18, 2014): 1359105314525067-, doi: 10.1177/1359105314525067.

30. См. также: Puhl and Brownell, “Confronting and Coping with Weight Stigma”.

31. Michael Scherer, “The Elephant in the Room: How Chris Christie Can Win Over the GOP”, Time, November 18, 2013.

32. Puhl and Brownell, “Confronting and Coping with Weight Stigma”.

33. См. главу 4 книги Poulton, “No Fat Chicks”. См. также: Lesley, “What’s Wrong with Fat-Shaming?”, XOJane.com, 2012, http://www.xojane. com/issues/whats-wrong-fat-shaming. Эту грустную и превосходно написанную статью стоит прочесть целиком.

34. Poulton, “No Fat Chicks”. См. также: Lesley, “What’s Wrong with Fat-Shaming?”.

35. Пример можно найти в работе: Rod Liddle, “If We Don’t Stigmatise Fat People, There’ll Be Lots More of Them”, Spectator, October 19, 2013.

36. Daniel Callahan, “Obesity: Chasing an Elusive Epidemic”, Hastings Center Report 43, no. 1 (2013): 34—40, doi:10.1002/hast.H4. Помимо этого, автор заявляет, что порицание курильщиков в последние десятилетия помогло уменьшить их количество. Неясно, правда ли это, но даже если так, то совсем необязательно, что такой метод применим и для борьбы с ожирением (судя по данным, которые приводятся в этой главе, он неэффективен).

37. Liddle, “If We Don’t Stigmatise Fat People, There’ll Be Lots More of Them”.

38. Brenda Major et al., “The Ironic Effects of Weight Stigma”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 51 (March 2014): 74-80, doi:10.1016/j. jesp.2013.11.009.

39. Подтверждают это и другие эксперименты. См.: Elizabeth А. Pascoe and Laura Smart Richman, “Effect of Discrimination on Food Decisions”, Self and Identity 10, no. 3 (July 2011): 396-406, doi: 10.1080/15298868.2010.526384; Natasha A. Schvey, Rebecca M. Puhl, and Kelly D. Brownell, “The Impact of Weight Stigma on Caloric Consumption”, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 19, no. 10 (October 2011): 1957-62, doi:10.1038/oby.2011.204; Rebecca Puhl, Joerg Luedicke, and Jamie Lee Peterson, “Public Reactions to Obesity-Related Health Campaigns: A Randomized Controlled Trial”, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 45, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 36-48, doi:10.1016/j. amepre.2013.02.010.

40. Lenny R. Vartanian and Sarah A. Novak, “Internalized Societal Attitudes Moderate the Impact of Weight Stigma on Avoidance of Exercise”, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 19, no. 4 (April 2011): 757-62, doi:10.1038/oby.2010.234; Lenny R. Vartanian and Jacqueline G. Shaprow, “Effects of Weight Stigma on Exercise Motivation and Behavior: A Preliminary Investigation among College-Aged Females”, Journal of Health Psychology 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 131-38, doi: 10.1177/1359105307084318.

41. Jason D. Seacat and Kristin D. Mickelson, “Stereotype Threat and the Exercise / Dietary Health Intentions of Overweight Women”, Journal of Health Psychology 14, no. 4 (May 1, 2009): 556-67, doi: 10.1177/1359105309103575.

42. Vartanian and Shaprow, “Effects of Weight Stigma on Exercise Motivation and Behavior”; Vartanian and Novak, “Internalized Societal Attitudes Moderate the Impact of Weight Stigma on Avoidance of Exercise”.

43. Чисто технически это предотвращало ожидаемое понижение уровня кортизола. Schvey, Puhl, and Brownell, “The Stress of Stigma”. См. также: Tomiyama et al., “Associations of Weight Stigma with Cortisol and Oxidative Stress Independent of Adiposity”.

44. Полным актерам достается лишь 5% главных ролей в телешоу, а для съемок в фильме не считается обязательным заключать с ними контракт. Bradley S. Greenberg et al., “Portrayals of Overweight and Obese Individuals on Commercial Television”, American Journal of Public Health 93, no. 8 (August 10, 2003): 1342^8, doi: 10.2105/ AJPH.93.8.1342.

45. Jeffrey M. Hunger and A. Janet Tomiyama, “Weight Labeling and Obesity”, JAMA Pediatrics (April 28, 2014), doi: 10.1001/ jamapediatrics.2014.122. Статистические данные о взрослых см. в работе: Angelina R. Sutin and Antonio Terracciano, “Perceived Weight Discrimination and Obesity”, ed. Robert L. Newton, PloS One 8, no. 7 (January 2013): e70048, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070048.

46. Flegal et al., “Prevalence of Obesity and Trends in the Distribution of Body Mass Index among US Adults, 1999-2010”.

47. Tatiana Andreyeva, Rebecca M. Puhl, and Kelly D. Brownell, “Changes in Perceived Weight Discrimination among Americans, 1995-1996 through 2004-2006”, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 16, no. 5 (May 2008): 1129-34, doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.35.

48. Gordon W. Allport, “The Nature of Prejudice” (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1954). Для ознакомления с характерным примером гомофобии см.: Sebastian Е. Barto, Israel Berger, and Peter Hegarty, “Interventions to Reduce Sexual Prejudice: A Study-Space Analysis and Meta-Analytic Review”, Journal of Sex Research 51, no. 4 (January 2014): 363-82, doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.871625.

49. S. S. Wang, K. D. Brownell, and T. A. Wadden, “The Influence of the Stigma of Obesity on Overweight Individuals”, International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 28, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1333-7, doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802730.

50. Tracy Moore, “I Don’t Love (or Hate) My Body — and So Can You!”, Jezebel.com, 2014, http://jezebel.com/i-dont-love-or-hate-my-body-and-so-can-you-1557099034.

51. Joan Jacobs Brumberg, “The Body Project: An Intimate History of American Girls” (New York: Vintage Books, 1998).

52. Там же.

53. “Gym, Health & Fitness Clubs in the US: Market Research Report”, IBISWorld.com, 2014, http://www.ibisworld.com/industry/default. aspx?indid=1655.