Operation Nemesis: The Assassination Plot that Avenged the Armenian Genocide - Bogosian Eric (читать книги полностью без сокращений txt) 📗

7. Paul Leverkuehn, A German Officer during the Armenian Genocide: A Biography of Max von Scheubner-Richter (London: Gomidas Institute, 2009).

8. Dinkel, “German Officers and the Armenian Genocide,” p. 94; Kershaw, Hitler, p. 131.

9. For a thorough investigation into this attribution, see Kevork B. Bardakjian, Hitler and the Armenian Genocide (Cambridge, MA: Zoryan Institute, 1985). The entire book deals with the veracity and implications of the quote. On p. 1 (and in the footnote, p. 37) Bardakjian cites the source of the quote as Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939, ed. E. L. Woodward and Rohan Butler, 3rd ser., vol. 7 (1939; London, 1954), p. 257.

10. See Vahakn N. Dadrian, “The Armenian Genocide: An Interpretation” in Jay Winter, ed., America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 70.

11. Vahakn Dadrian, The Role of Turkish Physicians in the World War One Genocide of Ottoman Armenians (New York: Pergamon Press, 1986), 169–92.

12. See both Ugur Umit Ungor and Mehmet Polatel, Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property (London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011); and Ungor, The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

13. See Ugur Umit Ungor and Mehmet Polatel, Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property (London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011), pp. 31–32.

14. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin (New York: Basic Books, 2010), p. 117.

15. See Akcam, The Young Turks’ Crime against Humanity, p. 383.

16. Israel does not officially recognize the Armenian genocide. Many Jews see Hitler’s destruction of European Jewry as a unique historical event, and any comparison to other genocides is viewed as degrading to the memory of the Holocaust. The resistance to recognition is also grounded in geopolitics. Israel is an on again, off again ally of Turkey, and both nations are major allies of the United States. See Yair Auron, The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2003), p. 127.

17. For Balakian’s full story see his Armenian Golgotha, translated by his grand-nephew Peter Balakian.

18. From a letter to Shahan Natali from Zakarian, dated June 11, 1921, in MacCurdy, Sacred Justice, pp. 195–196.

19. “They Simply Had to Let Him Go,” New York Times, June 5, 1921.

20. The specific law that allowed Tehlirian’s acquittal can be found in paragraph 51 of the German Penal Code. For a full examination of the legal aspects of the trial, see the unpublished thesis by Osik Moses, “The Assassination of Talaat Pascha in 1921 in Berlin: A Case Study of Judicial Practices in the Weimar Republic” (submitted to California State University, Northridge, May 2012), p. 1. It is available for viewing on the Internet at https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/2103368/california-state-university-northridge.

21. From Levon Marashlian, “Finishing the Genocide,” in Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide, ed. Richard Hovannisian (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1999), p. 127.

CHAPTER 9: THE WORK CONTINUES

1. Hofmann, “New Aspects of the Talat Pasha Court Case,” pp. 47, 52 n. 25.

2. See Edward Alexander’s postscript to A Crime of Vengeance: An Armenian Struggle for Justice (Lincoln, NE: IUniverse.com, 2000), p. 206: “But father, why were those women kissing his hand?… Because with that hand he avenged our people. Never forget him!”

3. “The Slayer of Talaat Pasha Acquitted,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 6, 1921.

4. See MacCurdy, Sacred Justice. Marion Mesrobian MacCurdy is the granddaughter of Sachaklian.

5. Derogy, Resistance and Revenge, p. 111.

6. Ibid.

7. Author interview with Gerard Libaridian, former ARF archivist, April 17, 2013.

8. The plan of the “Prometheus Pact” was “to use Kemalist Turkey as the agent for overthrowing the Bolsheviks in the Caucasus. It was established in Tabriz in mid-July 1921.” Walker, Armenia, p. 353.

9. Ronald G. Suny, The Baku Commune, 1917–1918: Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), pp. 336–37.

10. See Vartkes Yeghiayan and Ara Arabyan, The Case of Misak Torlakian (Glendale, CA: Center for Armenian Remembrance, 2006), p. 180.

11. Ibid., p. 273.

12. See Arshavir Shiragian, The Legacy: Memoirs of an Armenian Patriot, trans. Sonia Shiragian (Boston: Hairenik Press, 1976), p. 13.

13. Ibid., p. 47.

14. Political and Secret Department Records (IOR/L/PS/11/170–IOR/L/PS/11/309), India Office Records, Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections, British Library, London, vol. 192, p. 225/1921, Turkey: Views of Talaat Pasha, Communication, 5 December 1920, D’Abernon to FCO (Lord Curzon). Also see references to transfer of funds by Enver and Talat from German banks to Swiss banks in memo marked “Very Secret,” dated June 3, 1920 (1885 HA/615), and other activity in concert with Kemal and the Bolshevik movement in “Mesopotamia Causes of Unrest Report No. II” by Major N. N. E. Bray, special intelligence officer attached to Political Department, India Office, dated October 18, 1920, in British National Archives, London.

15. Shiragian, The Legacy, p. x.

16. See article published online at AVIM website by Professor Hikmet Ozdemir titled “Revanchism as Blind Faith and the Dashnak-Asala Assassinations” (http://www.avim.org.tr/yorumnotlarduyurular/en/REVANCHISM-AS-BLIND-FAITH-AND-THE-DASHNAK-ASALA-ASSASSINATIONS-/3216), posted March 18, 2014, which goes into detail on CUP fears, and the citation from that report: Huseyin Cahit Yalcin, Ittihatci Liderlerin Gizli Mektuplari, p. 456.

17. Shiragian, The Legacy, p. 132.

18. “Un ex gran visir assassinato a Roma: Si tratta di un delitto politico?” [“A Former Grand Vizier Assassinated in Rome: Was It a Political Crime?”], Il Messaggero, December 8, 1921.

19. Shiragian, The Legacy, p. 136. Though the word “genocide” appears in this quote published in 1976, at the time of Said Halim’s assassination the term had not yet been coined by Raphael Lemkin.

20. Ibid., pp. 114, 115.

21. For the account in this section of the chapter, see ibid., pp. 145–80.

22. Djemal Pasha, Memories of a Turkish Statesman, 1913–1919 (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1922), pp. 277–79.

23. Deportations moved through areas Djemal Pasha oversaw, in what we now call Syria. However, he was not in charge of the concentration camps.

24. Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace, p. 214; also Peter Hopkirk, Like Hidden Fire: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire (New York: Kodansha International, 1994), pp. 129, 130.

25. Hrach Dasnabedian, History of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Dashnaktsutiun, 1890–1924 (Milan: Oemme Edizioni, 1989), p. 191.

26. Suhnaz Yilmaz, “An Ottoman Warrior Abroad: Enver Pasha as an Expatriate,” in Kedouri, Seventy-Five Years of the Turkish Republic, p. 53, and n. 75, citing Turkish Republican Archives, Decree of the Parliament concerning Enver and Halil Pasha, 3 December 1921, no. 731/385.

27. Louise Bryant, Mirrors of Moscow (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923), pp. 158–59.

28. See chap. 6 of Georges Agabekov’s memoirs, Tche Kah za Rabatoi [The Cheka at Work] (Berlin: Strela, 1930).

29. Fromkin, The Peace to End All Peace, p. 487.

30. The man who tracked down Enver Pasha, Georges Agabekov, is historically notable because he was the first high-level Soviet intelligence agent to defect to the West. He was himself hunted by the NKVD and killed in March 1938. See Boris Volodarsky, “Unknown Agabekov,” Intelligence and National Security, June 28, 2013, 890–909, DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2012.701440. http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/research/canadaBlanch/PDF/Press%202013/6Nov13INS.pdf.