The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolutio - Isaacson Walter (книги полностью .txt) 📗
Tom Swift Terminal, 303
Tools for Conviviality (Illich), 302–3
TOPS-10, 321
Torborg, Jeff, 445
Torvalds, Linus, 349, 373–79, 380
traffic jams, 244
Traf-O-Data, 326–27, 329, 332, 333
transistors, 3, 48, 131–69, 174–76, 184, 243, 406, 480, 502–3
on ballistic missiles, 169
invention of, 131, 144–45, 150, 227, 414, 485
licensing fee for, 149–50
name coined for, 148
press conference for, 148–49
price of, 151, 184
production of, 150
for radios, 149–52
Shockley’s taking credit for, 145–49, 177
Transmission Control Protocol, 259
Trellix, 431
Triplanetary (Smith), 204n
Tri-Pos (Minskytron), 205, 206
Trips Festival, 269–71, 273, 278, 388
Truman, Harry, 219, 220, 263n
“Tube Relay and Techniques of Its Switching, The” (Schreyer), 54
Tuck, Hugh, 209–10, 215
Turing, Alan, 34, 40–47, 92, 101, 119
Bletchley Park code-breaking by, 77–78
Colossus and, 76
death of, 129, 500
on general-purpose computers, 87, 326–27, 406
homosexuality of, 41, 46, 128–29
influence of, 82, 84
spartan existence of, 102–3
stored-program computer of, 120, 242
on thinking machines, 29, 42, 122–29, 468, 485
Turing, John, 40
“Turingery,” 78–79
Turing Machine (Logical Computing Machine), 44–46, 47
Turing’s Cathedral (Dyson), 120
Turing Test, 124–28, 478
Watson and, 470
Turner, Ted, 391
Twitter, 433, 479–80, 485
2001: A Space Odyssey, 311, 468, 477
TX-2, 243
U-2 planes, 155
UCLA, 253, 255–56, 259
Ulam, Stanislaw, 113
Uniform Resource Locators, 411
Unisys, 116
Unitarian Universalist Church, 413–14
UNIVAC, 109, 116, 238, 274
UNIX, 372, 374, 375, 381, 389, 414
untyped lambda calculus, 46
uranium-235, 103
USCO, 269
Usenet, 386, 422
“Use of High Speed Vacuum Tube Devices for Calculating, The” (Mauchly), 73
vacuum tubes, 39, 48, 56, 58, 60, 61, 64–65, 73, 75, 79, 94, 133, 135
Shockley’s search for replacement for, 137, 141–45
Vail, Theodore, 132
Valentine, Don, 214n
Veblen, Oswald, 73–74, 120
Venrock Associates, 186
venture capital, 185–88, 189, 213–14
video games, 200, 201–15, 393
artificial intelligence and, 11
Vietnam War, 248, 278, 295, 299, 329, 397
Vinge, Vernor, 474
Virtual Community, The (Rheingold), 425
VisiCalc, 354, 355–56, 431
Vitruvian Man, 474
von Meister, William Ferdinand, 382, 390–94, 396, 397
von Neumann, John, 42, 46, 64, 77, 92, 101–5, 109, 110, 111–12, 118, 119, 134, 269
AI work of, 469, 472
atomic bomb work of, 103–4
death of, 104n
Goldstine’s first meeting with, 105–6
singularity coined by, 474
on stored memory, 110–11
stored-program computer work of, 105, 110–11, 120, 478
von Neumann, Klara, 119, 120
von Neumann, Nicholas, 102
Waldrop, Mitchell, 223
Wales, Ada, 446
Wales, Jimmy, 379, 435, 436–41, 442–44, 445–46
Wall Street Journal, 167, 363
Wang, 356
War Department, U.S., 68, 73, 115
Warnock, John, 208
Washington, George, 481
Washington Post, 172, 392
Watson (computer), 470–71, 475, 476–77, 486
Watson, Dr. John (char.), 477
Watson, Thomas (Bell’s assistant), 132, 477
Watson, Thomas, Jr. (IBM chief), 151
Watson, Thomas, Sr. (IBM founder), 477
Wavy Gravy, 388
Wayne, Ron, 348
weather patterns, 95
weather predictions, 115
weaving looms, 14, 21, 23, 26, 33, 35
WebCrawler, 227
Weiland, Ric, 318–19, 323
WELL, 302, 388, 389–90, 421, 422, 426
Wellington, Duke of, 7, 8
Wells Fargo, 213
Wescoff, Marlyn, 97–98
Westinghouse, 155, 181, 265
WhatsApp, 485
What the Dormouse Said (Markoff), 267, 281, 341n
Whitney, John Hay “Jock,” 186
Whole Earth Catalog (Brand), 265, 271–72, 278, 280, 297, 303, 388, 389, 408
Whole Earth communalists, 265, 294, 295, 297, 305, 309
Who Owns the Future? (Lanier), 419
Wiener, Norbert, 64, 223, 226, 243, 267, 269, 272
Wiesner, Jerome, 217–18, 219
WiFi, 387n
Wigner, Eugene, 140
Wikipedia, 264, 302, 379, 381, 441–46, 470, 482, 483, 486
creation of, 439–41
WikiWikiWeb, 434, 436
Wilkes, Maurice, 119, 120
Williams, Evan, 428–33, 435, 479–80
Williams, Frederic Calland, 119
Wilson, Woodrow, 132
Windows, 368–69, 370, 381
Winer, Dave, 429
Winograd, Terry, 455–56, 457–58
Wired, 303n, 420, 425
Wojcicki, Susan, 464
Wolfe, Tom, 157, 159, 193, 194, 270, 281
women:
as ENIAC programmers, 95–100, 117
math doctorates received by, 88
word processing, 2467
Wordsworth, William, 3
World Book Encyclopedia, 436–37, 442
World Health Organization, 388
World’s Fair (1939), 218
World War II, 72, 89, 138, 172
code breaking in, 76–79
science promoted by, 218–19
Z3 destroyed in, 54, 81
World Wide Web, 3, 405–65
Berner-Lee’s collaborative vision of, 413–14, 418, 433
initial creation of, 412–13
placed in public domain, 413, 436
profits from, 419, 420–21
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 420–21
Wozniak, Steve, 134, 211, 333n, 341n, 344–47, 348, 349, 353, 355, 398, 407, 464, 483–84
Apple partnership share of, 352
Breakout work of, 348, 350
terminal designed by, 350–52
Xanadu, 410–11, 419
Xerox, 371
Xerox Alto, 291, 293
Xerox PARC, 133, 221, 278, 286–91, 292, 293–94, 308, 363–64, 365, 367, 388, 482
Ethernet invented at, 256
Xerox Star, 365
X Mosaic, 416
Yahoo!, 447–48, 449, 450, 462, 464–65, 481
Yang, Jerry, 447–48
YouTube, 436
Z1, 52
Z2, 53
Z3, 53–54, 80–81
Znaimer, Sam, 328–29
Zuckerberg, Mark, 391
Zuse, Konrad, 52–54, 57, 75, 80–81
influence of, 82, 85
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