Английский язык. Практический курс для решения бизнес-задач - Пусенкова Нина (читать книги .txt) 📗
There is also the question of control. When AES Data launched the world’s first word processor in the early 1970s, it signed up the Lanier company in the USA to handle U.S. sales. However, Lanier was selling the AES product under its own label, and when Lanier decided to switch to another supplier of word processors (as competition emerged), AES had little control over its U.S. customers. To gain a foothold in the U.S. market, it had to start from the beginning in a market which it created! Even if Lanier sold the AES products under the AES name, the channel would still be owned by Lanier in that Lanier had its own loyal customer base along with sales and service offices to support this customer base.
A good practical way to determine appropriate channels for your product would be to start at the point of final purchase. Who is the final consumer or user of your product? Where does that person look when buying your type of product? Once the various channels have been identified, it is easier to determine which ones make the most sense or which ones offer the path of least resistance.
Promotion
Promotion is that term which many people confuse with the word «marketing». But promotion is just one of the four Ps and a good «marketer» is not just a good promoter but also a good planner and a good listener.
Promotion can take many forms: advertising in various media, events, press releases, trade shows, brochures, flyers, and Internet sites to name a few. Promotion means creating awareness although awareness is just the beginning. Good promotion compels the buyer to buy. The «need» for the product must be addressed. How does it solve the customer’s needs (even needs he doesn’t know he has)?
There is virtually no limit on the amount of TV, radio, and newspaper advertising that one can do. When Apple announced the Macintosh in 1984, it used «shocking» television advertisement that was aired during the American Super Bowl broadcast. What an audience! What an impact! And then it was followed up with an inundation of print advertising as well as focused trade publications and trade shows. Of course, this also resulted in extensive «free» media coverage because of the news worthiness of this innovation.
Promotion is done with the purpose of not only creating demand, but building brand awareness. The challenge is to come up with another «kleenex» or «coke» or «Tamagochi».
Source: www.sfu.ca, Business Basics for Engineers by Mike Volker
Essential Vocabulary
1. forecast n – прогноз
forecast v – прогнозировать
2. sales revenues – выручка от продаж
3. distribution channel – канал распределения
4. pricing n – ценообразование
5. adjustment n – корректировка
adjust v – корректировать
6. advertising budget – бюджет на рекламу
7. salesperson (salesman) n – сбытовик, специалист по продажам
8. marketing mix – маркетинговая смесь
9. variable n – переменная (величина)
10. retail outlet – точка розничной торговли
11. high-end a – дорогой, высокого класса
12. top-of-the-line product – товар высшей категории
13. invoice n – счет-фактура
invoice v – выставлять счет-фактуру
14. loan n – заем
15. charge n – цена, плата, денежный сбор; расход, издержки; налог, комиссия за услуги; нагрузка; руководство, ответственность; обвинение, нападение
charge v – нагружать; пропитывать; поручать, вверять, приказывать; обвинять; назначать цену, запрашивать цену; записывать в долг, относить на счет, дебетовать; атаковать
16. selling price – продажная цена
17. lag n – отставание, запаздывание
lag v – отставать, запаздывать
lagging a – отстающий
18. advantage n – преимущество
19. life cycle – жизненный цикл
20. markup pricing – ценообразование с надбавкой к себестоимости товара
21. «skimming» prices – цены, «снимающие сливки»
22. commodity products – товары (чаще всего сырьевые)
23. going-rate pricing – ценообразование с учетом текущего уровня цен
24.Free-on-Board (FOB) – «франко-борт судна» (ФОБ)
25. currency fluctuations – валютные колебания
26. freight n – фрахт, груз
freight v – фрахтовать, грузить
27. middleman n – посредник
28. emerge v – появляться, проявляться, возникать
29. customer (client) base – клиентская база
30. final (end) consumer – конечный потребитель
31. awareness n – знание, осознание, осведомленность
(to be) aware (of) pass – осознавать, отдавать себе отчет
32. coverage n – охват, прикрытие; освещение (событий); общая сумма риска, покрытая страхованием
cover n – покрытие; гарантийный фонд; страхование; чехол, переплет; убежище, укрытие; покров, личина
cover v – покрывать, прикрывать, скрывать, обеспечить покрытие; покрывать убытки; страховать; предусматривать; проехать; освещать
Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the difference between marketing and selling? 2. What should a company do to develop a forecast of sales revenues? 3. What independent variables are included in the marketing mix? 4. What main challenge do you face when you develop the marketing mix? 5. How do different categories of professionals perceive a product of their company? 6. What are the most common pricing strategies? 7. How do companies identify distribution channels? 8. What is the difference between promotion and marketing?
Exercise 2. Read and translate the text. Find Russian equivalents for different terms used to describe price. Make sentences of your own with each term.
Price is probably the most flexible variable in the marketing mix. Marketers can usually adjust their prices more easily and more quickly than they can change any other marketing mix variable. To a buyer, price is the value placed on what is exchanged. Something of value – usually purchasing power – is exchanged for satisfaction or utility. Purchasing power depends on a buyer’s income, credit and wealth. It is a mistake to believe that price is always money paid or some other financial consideration. In fact, trading of products – barter – is the oldest form of exchange. Money may or may not be involved.
Price is expressed in different terms for different exchanges. For instance, automobile insurance companies charge a premium for protection from the cost of injuries or repairs stemming from an automobile accident. An officer who stops you for speeding writes a ticket that requires you to pay a fine. If a lawyer defends you, a fee is charged, and if you use a railway or taxi, a fare is charged. A toll is charged for the use of bridges or turnpikes. Oil companies pay pipeline tariffs for oil transportation, and households pay electricity and gas tariffs.
Rent is paid for the use of equipment or an apartment. A commission is remitted to an agent for the sale of real estate. Dues are paid for membership in a club or group. A deposit is made to hold or lay away merchandise. A tip helps pay waitresses or waiters for their services. Interest is charged for the loan that you obtain, and taxes are paid for government services. Scientists are paid honorariums for research papers they write, and authors of bestsellers are paid royalties by their publishers. The value of many products is called price. Although price may be expressed in many different ways, it is important to remember that the purpose of this concept is to quantify and express the value of the items in the market exchange.
