В поисках энергии. Ресурсные войны, новые технологии и будущее энергетики - Мацак Олег (читаем книги .TXT) 📗

9. Tim Wirth to Roger R. Revelle, July 15, 1988, Roger R. Revelle to Tim Wirth, July 18, 1988, Roger R. Revelle to Jim Bates, July 14, 1988, Mc A6, Box 19, Folder “Correspondence July 1988,” Revelle papers.

10. James E. Hansen, Wei-Chyung, and Andrew A. Lacis, “Mount Agung Eruption Provides a Test of Global Climactic Perturbation,” Science 199, no. 4333 (1978), pp. 1065–68 (“simultaneous studies”); Audubon, November – December 1999 (“captivated,” “best proof”); James Hansen, “Climate Threat to the Planet: Implications for Energy Policy and Intergenerational Justice,” Jacob Bjerknes Lecture, American Geophysical Union, December 17, 2008 (“Venus Syndrome”).

11. Andrew Revkin, “Endless Summer: Living with the Greenhouse Effect,” Discover, October 1988.

12. George H. W. Bush, press release, September 1, 1988, George Bush Presidential Library; The New York Times, September 2, 1988 (“White House effect”); Alan D. Hecht and Dennis Tirpak, “Framework Agreement on Climate Change: A Scientific and Policy History,” Climactic Change 29 (1995), p. 383.

13. Time, August 20, 1923, June 11, 1934, June 19, 1939, August 19, 1955.

14. Sports Illustrated, March13, 1989; Time, August 6, 1934 (“U. S. Sahara”); New York Times, September 4, 1988 (“packing our bags”); Irving M. Mintzer and J. A. Leonard, “Visions of a Changing World,” in Negotiating Climate Change: The Inside Story of the Rio Convention, eds. Irving M. Mintzer and J. A. Leonard (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 52 (“science fiction”).

15. Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World’s Economy (New York: Touchstone, 2002), pp. 95–96.

16. Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (London: HarperCollins, 1993), pp. 640–41; Margaret Thatcher, speech to the Royal Society, September 27, 1988.

17. Weart, The Discovery of Climate Change, p. 12 (“indispensable man”); Bert Bolin, A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change: The Role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 23 (“As chairman”); interview with Danel Esty.

18. Bolin, A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change, pp. 48–49, 58; James Baker, speech, in Department of State Bulletin, April 1989.

19. Interview with Daniel Esty.

20. Bolin, A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change, p. 63.

21. W. K. Reilly, Breakdown on the Road from Rio: Reform, Reaction, and Distraction Compete in the Cause of the International Environment, 1993–94, Arthur and Frank Payne Lecture, Stanford University (“bet your economy”); interview with William Reilly (“dined out”); George Will, Washington Post, May 31, 1992 (“red roots”).

22. Interview with John Sununu; Los Angeles Times, March2, 1990 (“nuclear power fights”).

23. Cable from American Embassy in Bonn to White House, March13, 1992, Folder 45045–020, George H. W. Bush Presidential Library; New York Times, May 9, 1989; New York Times, March 24, 1992.

24. George H. W. Bush, press conference, April 10, 1992.

25. The New York Times, June 13, 1992 (“lone holdout”).

26. The New York Times, June 14, 1992 (“second to none,” “Darth Vader”); interview with William Reilly.

27. Irving M. Mintzer and J. Amber Leonard, eds., Negotiating Climate Change: The Inside Story of the Rio Convention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), ch. 1, appendix (“dangerous anthropogenic interference”).

28. Interview with William Reilly.

Глава 23. Создание рынка

1. Michael Sandel, “It’s Immoral to Buy the Right to Pollute,” op-ed, New York Times, December 17, 1997; interview with Fred Krupp.

2. Ronald Coase autobiography, Nobel Prize Web site (“underrate your abilities”).

3. Ronald Coase, “The Problem of Social Cost,” Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 3, (1960), pp. 1–44 (“externalities”).

4. John H. Dales, Pollution, Property & Prices: An Essay in Policy-making and Economics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968), ch. 6; David Montgomery, “Markets in Licenses and Efficient Pollution Control Programs,” Journal of Economic Theory 5, no. 3 (1972), pp. 395–418.

5. Richard Nixon, “Message to the Congress,” August 10, 1970 (“war on pollution”); Robert W. Hahn, “Economic Prescriptions for Environmental Problems: How the Patient Followed the Doctor’s Orders,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 3, no. 2 (1989), pp. 97–98.

6. Richard Conniff, “The Political History of Cap and Trade,” Smithsonian, August 2009 (Canadian prime minster).

7. Interview with C. Boyden Gray; Bruce A. Ackerman and Richard B. Stewart, “Reforming Environmental Law: The Democratic Case for Market Incentives,” Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 171, no. 3 (1988).

8. Interviews with Fred Krupp and C. Boyden Gray.

9. Kathy McCauley, Bruce Barron, and Morton Coleman, Crossing the Aisle to Cleaner Air: How the Bipartisan “Project 88” Transformed Environmental Policy (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 2008), p. 25 (“totally different concept”); Robert N. Stavins, “What Can We Learn from the Grand Policy Experiment? Lessons from SO2 Allowance Trading,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, no. 3 (1998), p. 74 (“ decision-making”).

10. Joseph Goffman and Daniel J. Dudek, “The Clean Air Act Acid Rain Program: Lessons for Success in Creating a New Paradigm,” presentation, 88thAnnual Meeting, Air & Waste Management Association, June 18–23, 1995, pp. 5, 7, 9. Догадывались ли Гоффман с Дудеком об этом или нет, но они проводили идеи «ученого писаки». На деле это повторение сути исторической статьи Фридриха фон Хайека, датированной 1945 г., об использовании знаний в обществе: о том, что рассредоточенный рынок с множеством лиц, принимающих решения, который координируется системой ценообразования, оказывается лучше информированным, действует и обновляется быстрее, чем централизованно управляемая экономика. См. Frederich A. Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge in Society,” American Economic Review 35, no. 4 (1945), pp. 519–30.

11. Stavins, “What Can We Learn from the Grand Policy Experiment?” p. 69.

12. Environmental Protection Agency, “Acid Rain and Related Programs: 2008 Highlights,” December 2009; Environmental Defense Fund, “The Cap and Trade Success Story,” February 12, 2007; Lauraine G. Chestnut and David M. Mills, “A Fresh Look at the Benefits and Costs of the U. S. Acid Rain Program,” Journal of Environmental Management 77 (2005), pp. 252–66.

13. A. Denny Ellerman, Paul L. Joskow, Richard Schmalensee, Juan-Pablo Montero, and Elizabeth M. Bailey, Markets for Clean Air: The U. S. Acid Rain Program (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 314 (“impossible to believe”); interview with Joseph Goffman; Fred Krupp, “The Making of a Market-Minded Environmentalist,” Strategy + Business 51 (2008), pp. 1–7.

14. Bert Bolin, A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change: The Role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 87–89, 112–13 (“best estimated”); Richard A. Kerr, “It’s Official: Humans Are Behind Most of Global Warming,” Science 291, no. 5504 (2001), p. 566.

15. Bolin, A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change, pp. 108, 139.

16. Bolin, A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change, pp. 137, 182, 196 (“lacked the scientific knowledge”); Richard S. Linzden, “Taking Greenhouse Warming Seriously,” Energy and Environment 18, no. 7–8 (2007), pp. 937–50 (“iconic claim”).

17. Interview.

18. Interviews with Stuart Eizenstat, David Sandalow, and Joseph Goffman.